Free Access
Comment
Issue |
Environ. Biosafety Res.
Volume 9, Number 3, July-September 2010
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 135 - 145 | |
Section | Opinion paper | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2011102 | |
Published online | 05 April 2011 |
- Aherne J, Kelly-Quinn M, Farrell EP (2002) A survey of lakes in the Republic of Ireland: hydrochemical characteristics and acid sensitivity. Ambio 31: 452–459 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ammann K (2005) Effects of biotechnology on biodiversity: herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant GM crops. Trends Biotechnol. 23: 388–394 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson T-H (2003) Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98: 285–293 [Google Scholar]
- Aviron S, Sanvido O, Herzog F, Baudry J, Romeis J, Bigler F (2006) Monitoring effects of GM crops on butterflies: the use of multiscale approaches for general surveillance. J. Verbr. Lebensm. 1: 85–88 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Barton JE, Dracup M (2000) Genetically modified crops and the environment. Agron. J. 92: 797–803 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Bartsch D, Bigler F, Castanera P, Gathmann A, Gielkens M, Hartley S, Lheureux K, Renckens S, Schiemann J, Sweet J, Wilhelm R (2006) Concepts for general surveillance of genetically modified (GM) plants: the EFSA position. J. Verbr. Lebensm. 1: 15–20 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Beckie HJ, Harker KN, Hall LM, Warwick SI, Legere A, Sikkema PH, Clayton GW, Thomas AG, Leeson JY, Seguin-Swartz G, Simard MJ (2006) A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: 1243–1264 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Breckling B, Reuter H, Middelhoff U, Glemnitz M, Wurbs A, Schmidt G, Schröder W, Windhorst W (2011) Risk indication of genetically modified organisms (GMO): modelling environmental exposure and dispersal across different scales: oilseed rape in Northern Germany as an integrated case study. Ecological Indicators 11: 936–941 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Brussaard L, de Ruiter PC, Brown GG (2007) Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121: 233–244 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Büchs W (2007) Impact of on-farm landscape structures and farming systems on predators. In David VA, ed, Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Pests, pp 245–278 [Google Scholar]
- Byrne M, Stone L (2011) The need for “duty of care” when introducing new crops for sustainable agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3: 50–54 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Cerdeira AL, Duke SO (2006) The current status and environmental impacts of glyphosate-resistant crops: a review. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 1633–1658 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Champion GT, May MJ, Bennett S, Brooks DR, Clark SJ, Daniels RE, Firbank LG, Haughton AJ, Hawes C, Heard MS, Perry JN, Randle Z, Rossall MJ, Rothery P, Skellern MP, Scott RJ, Squire GR, Thomas MR (2003) Crop management and agronomic context of the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 358: 1801–1818 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Chandler S, Dunwell JM (2008) Gene flow, risk assessment and the environmental release of transgenic plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 27: 25–49 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Cockburn A (2002) Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. J. Biotechnol. 98: 79–106 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Conner AJ, Glare TR, Nap JP (2003) The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part II. Overview of ecological risk assessment. Plant J. 33: 19–46 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Connolly L, Kinsella A, Quinlan G, Moran B (2009) National Farm Survey 2008. Teagasc, Athenry, p 108 [Google Scholar]
- Council of Europe (2000) European Landscape Convention. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p 25 [Google Scholar]
- Dale VH, Polasky S (2007) Measures of the effects of agricultural practices on ecosystem services. Ecol. Econ. 64: 286–296 [Google Scholar]
- Department of Agriculture and Food (2007) Pesticide Usage Survey: arable crops 2004 – Report No. 2. Stationary Office, Dublin, p 56 [Google Scholar]
- Devos Y, Cougnon M, Vergucht S, Bulcke R, Haesaert G, Steurbaut W, Reheul D (2008) Environmental impact of herbicide regimes used with genetically modified herbicide-resistant maize. Transgenic Res. 17: 1059–1077 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devos Y, De Schrijver A,Reheul D (2009) Quantifying the introgressive hybridisation propensity between transgenic oilseed rape and its wild/weedy relatives. Environ. Monit. Assess. 149: 303–322 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dewar AM, May MJ, Woiwod IP, Haylock LA, Champion GT, Garner BH, Sands RJN, Qi A, Pidgeon JD (2003) A novel approach to the use of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops for environmental benefit. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270: 335–340 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Dunfield KE, Germida JJ (2004) Impact of genetically modified crops on soil- and plant-associated microbial communities. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 806–815 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- EC (European Commission) (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities L 327: 1–72 [Google Scholar]
- EC (European Commission) (2001) Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities: L 106/101 [Google Scholar]
- EEC (European Economic Community) (1991) Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. European Economic Communities, Luxembourg [Google Scholar]
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority – GMO Panel) (2010) Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants. EFSA Journal 8: 1879 [Google Scholar]
- Ellstrand NC, Whitkus R, Rieseberg LH (1996) Distribution of spontaneous plant hybrids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 5090–5093 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellstrand NC, Prentice HC, Hancock JF (1999) Gene flow and introgression from domesticated plants into their wild relatives. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 539–563 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2006) Environment in Focus 2006: Environment indicators for Ireland. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, p 116 [Google Scholar]
- FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN) (2002) Soil Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture: paper prepared as a background paper for the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) FAO-Rome, 14–18 October 2002, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN, Rome, p 21 [Google Scholar]
- Firbank LG (2003) The Farm Scale Evaluations of spring-sown genetically modified crops – Introduction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 358: 1777–1778 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Flannery ML, Mead C, Mullins E (2005) Employing a composite gene-flow index to numerically quantify a crop’s potential for gene flow: an Irish perspective. Environ. Biosafety Res. 4: 29–43 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forman RTT, Baudry J (1984) Hedgerows and hedgerow networks in landscape ecology. Environ. Manage. 8: 495–510 [Google Scholar]
- Forristal D (2008) Reduced fuel costs for tillage farmers. In Proceedings of the National Tillage Conference, 2008, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland, pp 32–46 [Google Scholar]
- Good AG, Johnson SJ, De Pauw M,Carroll RT, Savidov N, Vidmar J, Lu Z, Taylor G, Stroeher V (2007) Engineering nitrogen use efficiency with alanine aminotransferase. Can. J. Bot. 85: 252–262 [Google Scholar]
- Haas G, Wetterich F, Geier U (2000) Life cycle assessment framework in agriculture on the farm level. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 5: 345–348 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Haines-Young R (2009) Land use and biodiversity relationships. Land Use Policy 26 (Supplement 1): S178–S186 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Håkansson I, Voorhees WB, Riley H (1988) Vehicle and wheel factors influencing soil compaction and crop response in different traffic regimes. Soil Tillage Res. 11: 239–282 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Heard MS, Hawes C, Champion GT, Clark SJ, Firbank LG, Haughton AJ, Parish AM, Perry JN, Rothery P, Scott RJ (2003) Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. I. Effects on abundance and diversity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 358: 1819–1832 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffmann J, Greef JM (2003) Mosaic indicators – theoretical approach for the development of indicators for species diversity in agricultural landscapes. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98: 387–394 [Google Scholar]
- Holland JM (2004) The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 103: 1–25 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Kelly F, Champ T, McDonnell N, Kelly-Quinn M, Harrison S, Arbuthnott A, Giller P, Joy M, McCarthy K, Cullen P, Harrod C, Jordan P, Griffiths D, Rosell R (2007) Investigation of the Relationship between Fish Stocks, Ecological Quality Ratings (Q-Values), Environmental Factors and Degree of Eutrophication (2000-MS-4-M1). Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, p 134 [Google Scholar]
- Krogh PH, Griffiths B (2007) ECOGEN-Soil ecological and economic evaluation of genetically modified crops. Pedobiologia 51: 171–173 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Kuhlman T, Reinhard S, Gaaff A (2010) Estimating the costs and benefits of soil conservation in Europe. Land Use Policy 27: 22–32 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Laggoun-Défarge F, Mitchell E, Gilbert D, Disnar J-R, Comont L, Warner BG, Buttler A (2008) Cut-over peatland regeneration assessment using organic matter and microbial indicators (bacteria and testate amoebae). J. Appl. Ecol. 45: 716–727 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Lalor STJ, Coulter BS, Quinlan G, Connolly L (2010) A Survey of Fertilizer use in Ireland from 2004–2008 for Grassland and Arable Crops (RMIS 5943 End of Project Report). Teagasc, Wexford, p 100 [Google Scholar]
- Le Cœur D, Baudry J, Burel F, Thenail C (2002) Why and how we should study field boundary biodiversity in an agrarian landscape context. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 89: 23–40 [Google Scholar]
- Locke MA, Zablotowicz RM, Reddy KN (2008) Integrating soil conservation practices and glyphosate-resistant crops: impacts on soil. Pest Manage. Sci. 64: 457–469 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Lutman PJW, Freeman SE, Pekrun C (2004) The long-term persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in arable fields. J. Agric. Sci. 141: 231–240 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Mette R, Uckert G, Sattelmacher B (2001) A holistic approach towards sustainable land use management in the hedgerow-field crop interface. In Horst WJ, Schenk MK, Bürkert A, Claassen N, Flessa H, Frommer WB, Goldbach H, Olfs H-W, Römheld V, Sattelmacher B, Schmidhalter U, Schubert S, Wirén Nv, Wittenmayer L, eds, Plant Nutrition – food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems, Kluwer, pp 1026–1027 [Google Scholar]
- O’Brien M, Mullins E (2009) Relevance of genetically modified crops in light of future environmental and legislative challenges to the agri-environment. Ann. Appl. Biol. 254: 323–340 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- O’Brien M, Spillane C, Meade C, Mullins E (2008) An insight into the impact of arable farming on Irish biodiversity: a scarcity of studies hinders a rigorous assessment. Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 108 (B): 97–108 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Owen MDK, Zelaya IA (2005) Herbicide-resistant crops and weed resistance to herbicides. Pest Manage. Sci. 61: 301–311 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Petit S, Stuart RC, Gillespie MK, Barr CJ (2003) Field boundaries in Great Britain: stock and change between 1984, 1990 and 1998. J. Environ. Manage. 67: 229–238 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petti C, Meade C, Downes M, Mullins E (2007) Facilitating co-existence by tracking gene dispersal in conventional potato systems with microsatellite markers. Environ. Biosafety Res. 6: 223–235 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Powell JR, Levy-Booth DJ, Gulden RH, Asbil WL, Campbell RG, Dunfield KE, Hamill AS, Hart MM, Lerat S, Nurse RE, Pauls KP, Sikkema PH, Swanton CJ, Trevors JT, Klironomos JN (2009) Effects of genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant crops and their management on soil food web properties and crop litter decomposition. J. Appl. Ecol. 46: 388–396 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Raybould A (2006) Problem formulation and hypothesis testing for environmental risk assessments of genetically modified crops. Environ. Biosafety Res. 5: 119–125 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reuter H, Schmidt G, Schröder W, Middelhoff U, Pehlke H, Breckling B (2011) Regional distribution of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – up-scaling the dispersal and persistence potential of herbicide resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Ecological Indicators 11: 989–999 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Sanvido O, Widmer F, Winzeler M, Bigler F (2005) A conceptual framework for the design of environmental post-market monitoring of genetically modified plants. Environ. Biosafety Res. 4: 13–27 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanvido O, Romeis J, Bigler F (2007) Ecological impacts of genetically modified crops: ten years of field research and commercial cultivation. In Fiechter A, Sautter C, eds, Green Gene Technology, Springer, Berlin, pp 235–278 [Google Scholar]
- Schiemann J (2003) Co-existence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming. Environ. Biosafety Res. 2: 213–217 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schloter M, Dilly O, Munch JC (2003) Indicators for evaluating soil quality. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 98: 255–262 [Google Scholar]
- Smil V (1999) Nitrogen in crop production: an account of global flows. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 13: 647–662 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Smil V (2000) Phosphorous in the environment: natural flows and human interferences. Ann. Rev. Energy Environ. 25: 53–88 [Google Scholar]
- Snow AA (2002) Transgenic crops – why gene flow matters. Nat. Biotechnol. 20: 542 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Snow AA, Pilson D, Rieseberg LH, Paulsen MJ, Pleskac N, Reagon MR, Wolf DE, Selbo SM (2003) A Bt transgene reduces herbivory and enhances fecundity in wild sunflowers. Ecol. Appl. 13: 279–286 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Stewart Jr CN, Halfhill MD, Warwick SI, (2003) Transgene introgression from genetically modified crops to their wild relatives. Nature 4: 806–817 [Google Scholar]
- Sutherland WJ, Bailey MJ, Bainbridge IP, Brereton T, Dick JTA, Drewitt J, Dulvy NK, Dusic NR, Freckleton RP, Gaston KJ, Gilder PM, Green RE, Heathwaite AL, Johnson SM, Macdonald DW, Mitchell R, Osborn D, Owen RP, Pretty J, Prior SV, Prosser H, Pullin AS, Rose P, Stott A, Tew T, Thomas CD, Thompson DBA, Vickery JA, Walker M, Walmsley C, Warrington S, Watkinson AR, Williams RJ, Woodroffe R, Woodroof HJ (2008) Future novel threats and opportunities facing UK biodiversity identified by horizon scanning. J. Appl. Ecol. 45: 821–833 [Google Scholar]
- Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Côté IM, Daszak P, Depledge MH, Fellman L, Fleishman E, Garthwaite R, Gibbons DW, De Lurio J,Impey AJ, Lickorish F, Lindenmayer D, Madgwick J, Margerison C, Maynard T, Peck LS, Pretty J, Prior S, Redford KH, Scharlemann JPW, Spalding M, Watkinson AR (2010) A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25: 1–7 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Swift MJ, Andren O, Brussaard L, Briones M, Couteaux M-M, Ekschmitt K, Kjoller A, Loiseau P, Smith P (1998) Global change, soil biodiversity, and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: three case studies. Glob. Chang. Biol. 4: 729–743 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Taylor HM, Jordan WR, Sinclair TR (1983) Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, p 538 [Google Scholar]
- Teagasc (2004) Farm Management Data Handbook. Teagasc, Carlow [Google Scholar]
- Thompson CJ, Thompson BJP, Ades PK, Cousens R, Garnier-Gere P, Landman K, Newbigin E, Burgman MA (2003) Model-based analysis of the likelihood of gene introgression from genetically modified crops into wild relatives. Ecol. Modell. 162: 199–209 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Thorne FS, Hanarahan K, Mullins E (2008) The Economic Evaluation of a GM Free Country: an Irish Case Study: RERC Working Paper 05-WP-RE-08, The Rural Economy Research Centre Working Paper Series, Teagasc, Carlow, p 37 [Google Scholar]
- Tilman D, Fargione J, Wolff B, D’Antonio C, Dobson A, Howarth R, Schindler D, Schlesinger WH, Simberloff D, Swackhamer D (2001) Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281–284 [Google Scholar]
- Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418: 671–677 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Turner R (2004) The field-scale evaluation of herbicide-tolerant genetically modified crops conducted in the UK (1998–2003). J. Commercial Biotechnology 10: 224–233 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Viaud V, Merot P, Baudry J (2004) Hydrochemical buffer assessment in agricultural landscapes: from local to catchment scale. Environ. Manage. 34: 559–573 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warwick SI, Légère A, Simard M-J, James T (2008) Do escaped transgenes persist in nature? The case of an herbicide resistance transgene in a weedy Brassica rapa population. Mol. Ecol. 17: 1387–1395 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weekes R, Allnutt T, Boffey C, Morgan S, Bilton M, Daniels R, Henry C (2007) A study of crop-to-crop gene flow using farm scale sites of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) in the UK. Transgenic Res. 16: 203–211 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilhelm R, Sanvido O, Castanera P, Schmidt K, Schiemann J (2009) Monitoring the commercial cultivation of Bt maize in Europe – conclusions and recommendations for future monitoring practice. Environ. Biosafety Res. 8: 219–225 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilkinson MJ, Tepfer M (2009) Fitness and beyond: preparing for the arrival of GM crops with ecologically important novel characters. Environ. Biosafety Res. 8: 1–14 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilkinson MJ, Elliott LJ, Allainguillaume J, Shaw MW, Norris C, Welters R, Alexander M, Sweet J, Mason DC (2003) Hybridization between Brassica napus and B. rapa on a national scale in the United Kingdom. Science 302: 457–459 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]